Non-perturbative linked-cluster expansions in long-range ordered quantum systems

TL;DR

This paper presents a non-perturbative linked-cluster expansion scheme for long-range ordered quantum systems, using edge-fields to achieve convergence and applying it to various Heisenberg models on different lattices.

Contribution

The authors develop a generic non-perturbative NLCE method incorporating edge-fields, enabling accurate analysis of ordered quantum phases.

Findings

Edge-fields regularize NLCEs in ordered phases.

Convergent data sequences obtained for various models.

Applicable to both gapped and gapless phases.

Abstract

We introduce a generic scheme to perform non-perturbative linked cluster expansions in long-range ordered quantum phases. Clusters are considered to be surrounded by an ordered reference state leading to effective edge-fields in the exact diagonalization on clusters which break the associated symmetry of the ordered phase. Two approaches, based either on a self-consistent solution of the order parameter or on minimal sensitivity with respect to the ground-state energy per site, are formulated to find the optimal edge-field in each NLCE order. Furthermore, we investigate the scaling behavior of the NLCE data sequences towards the infinite-order limit. We apply our scheme to gapped and gapless ordered phases of XXZ Heisenberg models on various lattices and for spins 1/2 and 1 using several types of cluster expansions ranging from a full-graph decomposition, rectangular clusters, up to more symmetric square clusters. It is found that the inclusion of edge-fields allows to regularize non-perturbative linked-cluster expansions in ordered phases yielding convergent data sequences. This includes the long-range spin-ordered ground state of the spin-1/2 and spin-1 Heisenberg model on the square and triangular lattice as well as the trimerized valence bond crystal of the spin-1 Heisenberg model on the kagome lattice.