The IACOB project: III. New observational clues to understand macroturbulent broadening in massive O- and B-type stars

TL;DR

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of spectral line broadening in over 400 O- and B-type stars, revealing various non-rotational broadening mechanisms and their potential physical origins.

Contribution

It offers the first large-scale, homogeneous observational overview of line-broadening in massive stars, highlighting the prevalence of non-rotational broadening agents.

Findings

Presence of multiple non-rotational broadening mechanisms.

Dominance of non-rotational broadening in O-type and B supergiants.

Similar line-profile variability in stars with M_ZAMS > 15 M_sol.

Abstract

We aim to provide new empirical clues about macroturbulent spectral line broadening in O- and B-type stars to evaluate its physical origin. We use high-resolution spectra of ~430 stars with spectral types in the range O4-B9 (all luminosity classes). We characterize the line-broadening of adequate diagnostic metal lines using a combined FT and GOF technique. We perform a quantitative spectroscopic analysis of the whole sample using automatic tools coupled with a huge grid of FASTWIND models. We also incorporate quantitative information about line asymmetries to our observational description of the characteristics of the line-profiles, and present a comparison of the shape and type of line-profile variability found in a small sample of O stars and B supergiants with still undefined pulsational properties and B main sequence stars with variable line-profiles. We present a homogeneous and statistically significant overview of the (single snapshot) line-broadening properties of stars in the whole O and B star domain. We find empirical evidence of the existence of various types of non-rotational broadening agents acting in the realm of massive stars. Even though all of them could be quoted and quantified as a macroturbulent broadening from a practical point of view, their physical origin can be different. Contrarily to the early- to late-B dwarfs/giants, which present a mixture of cases in terms of line-profile shape and variability, the whole O-type and B supergiant domain (or, roughly speaking, stars with M_ZAMS > 15 M_sol) is fully dominated by stars with a remarkable non-rotational broadening component and very similar profiles (including type of variability). We provide some examples illustrating how this observational dataset can be used to evaluate scenarios aimed at explaining the existence of sources of non-rotational broadening in massive stars.