Semi-Fragile Image Authentication based on CFD and 3-Bit Quantization

TL;DR

This paper introduces a semi-fragile watermarking method for digital images that resists JPEG compression and small modifications, using image finite differences and 3-bit quantization to improve efficiency and detection accuracy.

Contribution

It proposes a novel watermarking technique based on image finite differences and 3-bit quantization, offering better resistance to compression and lower computational complexity compared to Zernike moments.

Findings

Resistant to JPEG compression with CR ≤ 30%

Achieves PSNR ≥ 40 dB and SSIM ≥ 0.98 after embedding

Lower computational complexity for watermark embedding and extraction

Abstract

There is a great adventure of watermarking usage in the context of conventional authentication since it does not require additional storage space for supplementary metadata. However JPEG compression, being a conventional method to compress images, leads to exact authentication breaking. We discuss a semi-fragile watermarking system for digital images tolerant to JPEG/JPEG2000 compression. Recently we have published a selective authentication method based on Zernike moments. But unfortunately it has large computational complexity and not sufficiently good detection of small image modifications. In the current paper it is proposed (in contrast to Zernike moments approach) the usage of image finite differences and 3-bit quantization as the main technique. In order to embed a watermark (WM) into the image, some areas of the Haar wavelet transform coefficients are used. Simulation results show a good resistance of this method to JPEG compression with $\mbox{\rm CR}\leq 30\%$ (Compression Ratio), high probability of small image modification recognition, image quality assessments $\mbox{\rm PSNR}\geq 40$ (Peak signal-to-noise ratio) dB and $\mbox{\rm SSIM}\geq 0.98$ (Structural Similarity Index Measure) after embedding and lower computation complexity of WM embedding and extraction. All these properties qualify this approach as effective.