The energy of the alphabet model

TL;DR

This paper generalizes the ABC particle model to N types, exploring the conditions for reversibility, energy minimizers, and their relation to tournament graphs, revealing new insights into long-range interactions and phase configurations.

Contribution

It introduces a generalized N-type alphabet model, linking reversibility conditions to tournament graphs and characterizing energy minimizers through Hamiltonian cycles.

Findings

Reversible models correspond to strongly connected tournaments.

Minimizers of energy relate to Hamiltonian cycles in tournaments.

For k=3,4, minimizers are unique; for k≥5, multiple minimizers can exist.

Abstract

We call \emph{Alphabet model} a generalization to N types of particles of the classic ABC model. We have particles of different types stochastically evolving on a one dimensional lattice with an exchange dynamics. The rates of exchange are local but under suitable conditions the dynamics is reversible with a Gibbsian like invariant measure with long range interactions. We discuss geometrically the conditions of reversibility on a ring that correspond to a gradient condition on the graph of configurations or equivalently to a divergence free condition on a graph structure associated to the types of particles. We show that much of the information on the interactions between particles can be encoded in associated \emph{Tournaments} that are a special class of oriented directed graphs. In particular we show that the interactions of reversible models are corresponding to strongly connected tournaments. The possible minimizers of the energies are in correspondence with the Hamiltonian cycles of the tournaments. We can then determine how many and which are the possible minimizers of the energy looking at the structure of the associated tournament. As a byproduct we obtain a probabilistic proof of a classic Theorem of Camion \cite{Camion} on the existence of Hamiltonian cycles for strongly connected tournaments. Using these results we obtain in the case of an equal number of k types of particles new representations of the Hamiltonians in terms of translation invariant $k$-body long range interactions. We show that when $k=3,4$ the minimizer of the energy is always unique up to translations. Starting from the case $k=5$ it is possible to have more than one minimizer. In particular it is possible to have minimizers for which particles of the same type are not joined together in single clusters.