General finite-size effects for zero-entropy states in one-dimensional quantum integrable models

TL;DR

This paper derives the finite-size excitation spectrum for zero-entropy states in one-dimensional quantum integrable models, including out-of-equilibrium scenarios, and discusses implications for critical exponents and correlation functions.

Contribution

It provides a general formalism for finite-size effects in gapless zero-entropy states, extending previous results to out-of-equilibrium conditions and emphasizing phase shifts at Fermi points.

Findings

Finite-size spectrum derived for zero-entropy states.

Connection established between finite-size effects and conformal field theory.

Finite-size corrections analyzed for dynamical correlation functions.

Abstract

We present a general derivation of the spectrum of excitations for gapless states of zero entropy density in Bethe ansatz solvable models. Our formalism is valid for an arbitrary choice of bare energy function which is relevant to situations where the Hamiltonian for time evolution differs from the Hamiltonian in a (generalized) Gibbs ensemble, i.e. out of equilibrium. The energy of particle and hole excitations, as measured with the time-evolution Hamiltonian, is shown to include additional contributions stemming from the shifts of the Fermi points that may now have finite energy. The finite-size effects are also derived and the connection with conformal field theory discussed. The critical exponents can still be obtained from the finite-size spectrum, however the velocity occurring here differs from the one in the constant Casimir term. The derivation highlights the importance of the phase shifts at the Fermi points for the critical exponents of asymptotes of correlations. We generalize certain results known for the ground state and discuss the relation to the dressed charge (matrix). Finally, we discuss the finite-size corrections in the presence of an additional particle or hole which are important for dynamical correlation functions.