Damping of the Milky Way bar by manifold-driven spirals

TL;DR

This study reveals a new 'bar damping' mechanism in Milky Way-like galaxies where manifold-driven spirals weaken and shorten the bar through star outflows and potential modifications, aligning with observed Milky Way features.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of bar damping driven by manifold spirals and demonstrates this process through N-body simulations, linking it to Milky Way morphology.

Findings

Bar shortens and weakens due to manifold-driven spirals

Damping coincides with the first buckling episode

Post-damping, the bar regrows steadily

Abstract

We describe a new phenomenon of `bar damping' that may have played an important role in shaping the Milky Way bar and bulge as well as its spiral structure. We use a collisionless N-body simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy initially composed of a dark matter halo and an exponential disk with Toomre parameter slightly above unity. In this configuration, dominated by the disk in the center, a bar forms relatively quickly, after 1 Gyr of evolution. This is immediately followed by the formation of two manifold-driven spiral arms and the outflow of stars that modifies the potential in the vicinity of the bar, apparently shifting the position of the L_1/L_2 Lagrange points. This modification leads to the shortening of the bar and the creation of a next generation of manifold-driven spiral arms at a smaller radius. The process repeats itself a few times over the next 0.5 Gyr resulting in further substantial weakening and shortening of the bar. The time when the damping comes to an end coincides with the first buckling episode in the bar which rebuilds the orbital structure so that no more new spiral arms are formed. The morphology of the bar and the spiral structure at this time show remarkable similarity to the present properties of the Milky Way. Later on, the bar starts to grow rather steadily again, weakened only by subsequent buckling episodes occurring at more distant parts of the disk.