Transition to subcritical turbulence in a tokamak plasma

TL;DR

This paper investigates the transition to subcritical turbulence in tokamak plasmas using gyrokinetic simulations, revealing a nonlinear stability threshold and a transition scenario involving long-lived coherent structures.

Contribution

It demonstrates that tokamak turbulence near the stability threshold is subcritical and proposes a transition scenario supported by numerical simulations.

Findings

Turbulence is near a nonlinear stability threshold.

Transition involves long-lived coherent structures.

As parameters change, structures overlap leading to chaotic turbulence.

Abstract

Tokamak turbulence, driven by the ion-temperature gradient and occurring in the presence of flow shear, is investigated by means of local, ion-scale, electrostatic gyrokinetic simulations (with both kinetic ions and electrons) of the conditions in the outer core of the Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST). A parameter scan in the local values of the ion-temperature gradient and flow shear is performed. It is demonstrated that the experimentally observed state is near the stability threshold and that this stability threshold is nonlinear: sheared turbulence is subcritical, i.e. the system is formally stable to small perturbations, but, given a large enough initial perturbation, it transitions to a turbulent state. A scenario for such a transition is proposed and supported by numerical results: close to threshold, the nonlinear saturated state and the associated anomalous heat transport are dominated by long-lived coherent structures, which drift across the domain, have finite amplitudes, but are not volume filling; as the system is taken away from the threshold into the more unstable regime, the number of these structures increases until they overlap and a more conventional chaotic state emerges. Whereas this appears to represent a new scenario for transition to turbulence in tokamak plasmas, it is reminiscent of the behaviour of other subcritically turbulent systems, e.g. pipe flows and Keplerian magnetorotational accretion flows.