Impact of an improved neutrino energy estimate on outflows in neutron star merger simulations

TL;DR

This study improves neutrino energy estimates in neutron star merger simulations, revealing significant impacts on ejecta composition and electromagnetic signals, emphasizing the importance of accurate neutrino transport modeling.

Contribution

The paper introduces an enhanced neutrino energy estimation method by evolving neutrino number density, leading to more accurate predictions of ejecta composition in merger simulations.

Findings

Polar ejecta is less neutron-rich with the new method.

Electromagnetic signals depend on the observer's orientation.

Neutrino energy spectrum significantly affects observable merger properties.

Abstract

Binary neutron star mergers are promising sources of gravitational waves for ground-based detectors such as Advanced LIGO. Neutron-rich material ejected by these mergers may also be the main source of r-process elements in the Universe, while radioactive decays in the ejecta can power bright electromagnetic post-merger signals. Neutrino-matter interactions play a critical role in the evolution of the composition of the ejected material, which significantly impacts the outcome of nucleosynthesis and the properties of the associated electromagnetic signal. In this work, we present a simulation of a binary neutron star merger using an improved method for estimating the average neutrino energies in our energy-integrated neutrino transport scheme. These energy estimates are obtained by evolving the neutrino number density in addition to the neutrino energy and flux densities. We show that significant changes are observed in the composition of the polar ejecta when comparing our new results with earlier simulations in which the neutrino spectrum was assumed to be the same everywhere in optically thin regions. In particular, we find that material ejected in the polar regions is less neutron rich than previously estimated. Our new estimates of the composition of the polar ejecta make it more likely that the color and timescale of the electromagnetic signal depend on the orientation of the binary with respect to an observer's line-of-sight. These results also indicate that important observable properties of neutron star mergers are sensitive to the neutrino energy spectrum, and may need to be studied through simulations including a more accurate, energy-dependent neutrino transport scheme.