Solar system dynamics in general relativity

TL;DR

This paper develops a detailed relativistic model of solar system dynamics using Einstein's equations, deriving equations of motion for celestial bodies and analyzing their implications for understanding orbital motion in weak gravitational fields.

Contribution

It derives the Levi-Civita Lagrangian for celestial geodesic motion in general relativity and analyzes the resulting equations for planetary and satellite orbits, including the Sun-Earth-Moon system.

Findings

Derived equations of motion for planets and satellites in general relativity.

Proved that the fourth-order derivative system reduces to linear equations.

Identified challenges and prospects for numerical studies of planetary motion.

Abstract

Recent work in the literature has advocated using the Earth-Moon-planetoid Lagrangian points as observables, in order to test general relativity and effective field theories of gravity in the solar system. However, since the three-body problem of classical celestial mechanics is just an approximation of a much more complicated setting, where all celestial bodies in the solar system are subject to their mutual gravitational interactions, while solar radiation pressure and other sources of nongravitational perturbations also affect the dynamics, it is conceptually desirable to improve the current understanding of solar system dynamics in general relativity, as a first step towards a more accurate theoretical study of orbital motion in the weak-gravity regime. For this purpose, starting from the Einstein equations in the de Donder-Lanczos gauge, this paper arrives first at the Levi-Civita Lagrangian for the geodesic motion of celestial bodies, showing in detail under which conditions the effects of internal structure and finite extension get cancelled in general relativity to first post-Newtonian order. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the motion of planets and satellites are solved for the Earth's orbit about the Sun, written down in detail for the Sun-Earth-Moon system, and investigated for the case of planar motion of a body immersed in the gravitational field produced by the other bodies (e.g. planets with their satellites). At this stage, we prove an exact property, according to which the fourth-order time derivative of the original system leads to a linear system of ordinary differential equations. This opens an interesting perspective on forthcoming research on planetary motions in general relativity within the solar system, although the resulting equations remain a challenge for numerical and qualitative studies.