A hypothesis for the color bimodality of Jupiter Trojans

TL;DR

This paper proposes a hypothesis that the color bimodality of Jupiter Trojans originated from early volatile loss, particularly H$_{2}$S ice retention, leading to distinct surface compositions and colors that persisted after their emplacement.

Contribution

It introduces a new hypothesis linking primordial volatile loss to the color bimodality of Trojans, supported by observational constraints and dynamical models.

Findings

Color bimodality predates Solar System instability.

H$_{2}$S ice retention influences surface color differences.

Predicted effects of collisions on size distributions of sub-populations.

Abstract

One of the most enigmatic and hitherto unexplained properties of Jupiter Trojans is their bimodal color distribution. This bimodality is indicative of two sub-populations within the Trojans, which have distinct size distributions. In this paper, we present a simple, plausible hypothesis for the origin and evolution of the two Trojan color sub-populations. In the framework of dynamical instability models of early Solar System evolution, which suggest a common primordial progenitor population for both Trojans and Kuiper belt objects, we use observational constraints to assert that the color bimodalities evident in both minor body populations developed within the primordial population prior to the onset of instability. We show that, beginning with an initial composition of rock and ices, location-dependent volatile loss through sublimation in this primordial population could have led to sharp changes in the surface composition with heliocentric distance. We propose that the depletion or retention of H$_{2}$S ice on the surface of these objects was the key factor in creating an initial color bimodality. Objects that retained H$_{2}$S on their surfaces developed characteristically redder colors upon irradiation than those that did not. After the bodies from the primordial population were scattered and emplaced into their current positions, they preserved this primordial color bimodality to the present day. We explore predictions of the volatile loss model - in particular, the effect of collisions within the Trojan population on the size distributions of the two sub-populations - and propose further experimental and observational tests of our hypothesis