Nonthermal Fixed Points in Quantum Field Theory Beyond the Weak-Coupling Limit

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the existence of nonthermal fixed points in quantum field theory at moderate coupling strengths, extending beyond the weak-coupling regime typically studied with classical-statistical methods.

Contribution

It provides the first numerical evidence of nonthermal fixed points directly in quantum field theory beyond weak coupling using a 1/N expansion at next-to-leading order.

Findings

Nonthermal fixed points exist at moderate couplings of order one.

Infrared behavior is insensitive to initial conditions.

Transport phenomena depend on symmetry-breaking field presence.

Abstract

Quantum systems in extreme conditions can exhibit universal behavior far from equilibrium associated to nonthermal fixed points with a wide range of topical applications from early-universe inflaton dynamics and heavy-ion collisions to strong quenches in ultracold quantum gases. So far, most studies have relied on a mapping of the quantum dynamics onto a classical-statistical theory that can be simulated on a computer. However, the mapping is based on a weak-coupling limit, while phenomenological applications often require moderate interaction strengths. We report on the observation of nonthermal fixed points directly in quantum field theory beyond the weak-coupling limit. For the example of a relativistic scalar O(N)-symmetric quantum field theory, we numerically solve the nonequilibrium dynamics employing a 1/N expansion to next-to-leading order, which does not rely on a small coupling parameter. Starting from two different sets of overoccupied and of strong-field initial conditions, we find that nonthermal fixed points are not restricted to parameter ranges suitable for classical-statistical simulations, but extend also to couplings of order one. While the infrared behavior is found to be insensitive to the differences in the initial conditions, we demonstrate that transport phenomena to higher momenta depend on the presence or absence of a symmetry-breaking field expectation value.