Searching for high-energy gamma-ray counterparts to Gravitational Wave sources with Fermi-LAT: a needle in a haystack

TL;DR

This paper discusses the challenges and methods for detecting high-energy gamma-ray counterparts to gravitational wave events using Fermi-LAT, emphasizing its potential to identify electromagnetic signals during the afterglow phase.

Contribution

It introduces two new ad hoc methods for searching for electromagnetic counterparts with Fermi-LAT and demonstrates their application to a specific GW candidate.

Findings

Fermi-LAT can detect long-lasting high-energy afterglows of sGRBs.

The proposed methods can effectively search for EM counterparts within large GW localization regions.

Application to LVT151012 illustrates the methods' practical utility.

Abstract

At least a fraction of Gravitational Wave (GW) progenitors are expected to emit an electromagnetic (EM) signal in the form of a short gamma-ray burst (sGRB). Discovering such a transient EM counterpart is challenging because the \LIGO/\VIRGO localization region is much larger (several hundreds of square degrees) than the field of view of X-ray, optical and radio telescopes. The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) has a wide field of view ($\sim 2.4$ sr), and detects $\sim 2-3$ sGRBs per year above 100 MeV. It can detect them not only during the short prompt phase, but also during their long-lasting high-energy afterglow phase. If other wide-field high-energy instruments such as Fermi-GBM, Swift-BAT or INTEGRAL-ISGRI cannot detect or localize with enough precision an EM counterpart during the prompt phase, the LAT can potentially pinpoint it with $\lesssim 10$ arcmin accuracy during the afterglow phase. This routinely happens with gamma-ray bursts. Moreover, the LAT will cover the entire localization region within hours of any triggers during normal operations, allowing the $\gamma$-ray flux of any EM counterpart to be measured or constrained. We illustrate two new ad hoc methods to search for EM counterparts with the LAT and their application to the GW candidate LVT151012.