Clever mothers balance time and effort in parental care: a study on free-ranging dogs

TL;DR

This study reveals that free-ranging dog mothers strategically balance active and passive care to optimize parental investment throughout pup development, ensuring consistent overall care despite changing needs.

Contribution

It provides novel insights into how free-ranging dog mothers modulate their parental care strategies over pup ontogeny, a behavior not previously documented in this species.

Findings

Mothers decrease active care as pups age.

Passive care increases with pup development.

Overall parental care remains relatively constant.

Abstract

Mammalian offspring require parental care, at least in the form of suckling during their early development. While mothers need to invest considerable time and energy in ensuring the survival of their current offspring, they also need to optimize their investment in one batch of offspring in order to ensure future reproduction and hence lifetime reproductive success. Free-ranging dogs live in small social groups, mate promiscuously, and lack the cooperative breeding biology of other group living canids. They face high early life mortality, which in turn reduces fitness benefits of the mother from a batch of pups. We carried out a field based study on free-ranging dogs in India to understand the nature of parental care provided by mothers at different stages of pup development. Using behavioural patterns of mother-pup interactions, we draw up a timeline of pup ontogeny. Our analysis reveals that mothers cleverly reduce investment in energy intensive active care and increase passive care as the pups grow older, thereby keeping overall levels of parental care more or less constant over pup age.