Fracture of dual crosslink gels with permanent and transient crosslinks

TL;DR

This study investigates the fracture behavior of dual crosslink hydrogels with chemical and physical bonds, revealing rate-dependent fracture energies and proposing a new method to accurately measure local energy release during crack propagation.

Contribution

The paper introduces a novel method to distinguish energy dissipated during loading from that during crack propagation in dual crosslink gels, improving fracture energy estimation.

Findings

Fracture energy peaks at intermediate stretch rates and decreases at higher rates.

The new method yields a constant local fracture energy consistent with crack velocity.

Dual crosslink gels exhibit higher fracture energy at low loading rates than at high rates.

Abstract

We have carried out systematic fracture experiments in a single edge notch geometry over a range of stretch rates on dual crosslink hydrogels made from polyvinyl alcohol chains chemically crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and physically crosslinked with borate ions. If the energy release rate necessary for crack propagation was calculated conventionally, by using the work done to deform the sample to the critical value of stretch $\lambda_c$ where the crack propagates, we found that the fracture energy $\Gamma$ peaks around $\lambda\sim 0.001 s^{-1}$ before decreasing sharply with increasing stretch rate, in contradiction with the measurements of crack velocity. Combining simulations and experimental observations, we propose therefore here a general method to separate the energy dissipated during loading before crack propagation, from that which is dissipated during crack propagation. For fast loading rates (with a characteristic strain rate only slightly lower than the inverse of the typical breaking time of physical bonds), this improved method to estimate a local energy release rate $g_{local}$ at the onset of crack propagation, gives a value of the local fracture energy $\Gamma_{local}$ which is constant, consistent with the constant value of the crack propagation velocity measured experimentally. Using this improved method we also obtain the very interesting result that the dual crosslink gels have a much higher value of fracture energy at low loading rates than at high loading rates, contrary to the situation in classical chemically crosslinked elastic networks.