SN 2015bh: NGC 2770's 4th supernova or a luminous blue variable on its way to a Wolf-Rayet star?

TL;DR

This paper presents detailed observations of a luminous blue variable star in NGC 2770, which experienced an outburst possibly leading to a supernova, highlighting a potential new class of massive star evolution and explosion precursors.

Contribution

It documents a rare, long-term observation of an LBV with a possible terminal explosion, proposing a new evolutionary pathway from LBV to Wolf-Rayet star and identifying similarities with SN 2009ip.

Findings

The event released about 1.8×10^{49} erg of energy.

Spectral line profiles changed from single to double P-Cygni post maximum.

The star's properties suggest it may evolve into a Wolf-Rayet star within a few years.

Abstract

Very massive stars in the final phases of their lives often show unpredictable outbursts that can mimic supernovae, so-called, "SN impostors", but the distinction is not always straigthforward. Here we present observations of a luminous blue variable (LBV) in NGC 2770 in outburst over more than 20 years that experienced a possible terminal explosion as type IIn SN in 2015, named SN 2015bh. This possible SN or "main event" was preceded by a precursor peaking $\sim$ 40 days before maximum. The total energy release of the main event is $\sim$1.8$\times$10$^{49}$ erg, which can be modeled by a $<$ 0.5 M$_\odot$ shell plunging into a dense CSM. All emission lines show a single narrow P-Cygni profile during the LBV phase and a double P-Cygni profile post maximum suggesting an association of this second component with the possible SN. Since 1994 the star has been redder than during a typical S-Dor like outburst. SN 2015bh lies within a spiral arm of NGC 2770 next to a number of small star-forming regions with a metallicity of $\sim$ 0.5 solar and a stellar population age of 7-10 Myr. SN 2015bh shares many similarities with SN 2009ip, which, together with other examples may form a new class of objects that exhibit outbursts a few decades prior to "hyper-eruption" or final core-collapse. If the star survives this event it is undoubtedly altered, and we suggest that these "zombie stars" may evolve from an LBV to a Wolf Rayet star over a very short timescale of only a few years. The final fate of these types of massive stars can only be determined with observations years after the possible SN.