Computing area in presentations of the trivial group

TL;DR

This paper presents polynomial-time algorithms for calculating the area of words in presentations of the trivial group, connecting algebraic concepts with applications in liquid crystal design and RNA-folding.

Contribution

It introduces new polynomial-time algorithms for computing the area in specific trivial group presentations, improving previous methods for width calculation.

Findings

Algorithms for area computation are polynomial-time.

Reinterpretation of area in terms of RNA-folding.

Improved algorithm for width in surface maps.

Abstract

We give polynomial-time dynamic-programming algorithms finding the areas of words in the presentations $\langle a, b \mid a, b \rangle$ and $\langle a, b \mid a^k, b^k; \ k \in \mathbb{N} \rangle$ of the trivial group. In the first of these two cases, area was studied under the name spelling length by Majumdar, Robbins and Zyskin in the context of the design of liquid crystals. We explain how the problem of calculating it can be reinterpreted in terms of RNA-folding. In the second, area is what Jiang called width and studied when counting fixed points for self-maps of a compact surface, considered up to homotopy. In 1991 Grigorchuk and Kurchanov gave an algorithm computing width and asked whether it could be improved to polynomial time. We answer this affirmatively.