The B and Be States of the Star EM Cepheus

TL;DR

This study presents eleven years of spectroscopic data of EM Cep, confirming it as a classical Be star with a variable circumstellar disk, and challenges previous binary models by showing no Doppler shifts.

Contribution

The paper models EM Cep as an isolated Be star with a variable disk, providing detailed disk parameters and dismissing the eclipsing binary hypothesis.

Findings

EM Cep switches between B and Be states based on Hα emission.

No Doppler shifts observed in spectral lines, supporting the single-star model.

Estimated disk mass and mass loss rate consistent with classical Be stars.

Abstract

We present eleven years of high-resolution, spectroscopic observations for the star EM~Cep. EM~Cep switches between B and Be star states, as revealed by the level of H$\alpha$ emission, but spends most of its time in the B~star state. EM~Cep has been considered to be an eclipsing, near contact binary of nearly equal-massed B stars in order to reproduce regular photometric variations; however, this model is problematic due to the lack of any observed Doppler shift in the spectrum. Our observations confirm that there are no apparent Doppler shifts in the wide spectral lines H$\alpha$ and HeI~6678 in either the B or Be star states.The profiles of HeI~6678 typically exhibited a filled-in absorption core, but we detected weak emission in this line during the highest Be state. Given the lack of observed Doppler shifts, we model EM~Cep as an isolated Be star with a variable circumstellar disk. We can reproduce the observed H$\alpha$ emission profiles over the eleven year period reasonably well with disk masses on the order of $3$ to $10\times\,10^{-11}\;M_*$ in the Be state with the circumstellar disk seen at an inclination of $78^{\circ}$ to the line of sight. From a disk ejection episode in 2014, we estimate a mass loss rate of $\approx\,3\times 10^{-9}\;\rm M_{\odot}\,yr^{-1}$. The derived disk density parameters are typical of those found for the classical Be stars. We therefore suggest that the EM~Cep is a classical Be star and that its photometric variations are the result of $\beta\;$Cep or non-radial pulsations.