What is the appropriate coordinate system for magnetometer data when analyzing ionospheric currents?

TL;DR

This paper examines the most suitable coordinate system for analyzing ground magnetometer data related to ionospheric currents, proposing a new apex coordinate-based SML index that reduces longitudinal and UT variations.

Contribution

The authors derive a new SML index using apex coordinates, demonstrating its improved stability over traditional indices for ionospheric current analysis.

Findings

The apex coordinate-based SML index shows less variation with longitude and UT.

Converting magnetometer data to a corrected geomagnetic system is recommended for accurate analysis.

The new index enhances the monitoring of the westward electrojet in the ionosphere.

Abstract

In this paper we investigate which coordinate representation is most appropriate when analyzing ground magnetometer data in terms of ionospheric currents, in particular the westward electrojet. The $\textit{AL}$ and the recently introduced $\textit{SML}$ index are frequently used as monitors of the westward electrojet. Both indices are based on ground magnetometers at auroral latitudes. From these magnetometers, the largest perturbation in the southward direction is selected as the $\textit{ AL/SML }$ index at 1 min cadence. The southward component is defined as antiparallel to the orientation of the horizontal part of the Earths' main field, $\textbf{B}_{0, \textit{H}}$. The implicit assumption when using these indices as a monitor of the westward electrojet is that the electrojet flows perpendicular to $\textbf{B}_{0, \textit{H}}$. However, $\textbf{B}_{0, \textit{H}}$ is, in general, not perpendicular to the westward direction in coordinate systems that take nondipole terms of the Earth's magnetic field into account, such as apex and the Altitude Adjusted Corrected Geomagnetic coordinate systems. In this paper we derive a new $\textit{SML}$ index, based on apex coordinates. We find that the new index has less variation with longitude and universal time (UT), compared to the traditionally defined $\textit{SML}$. We argue that when analyzing ionospheric currents using magnetometers, it is appropriate to convert the components to a corrected geomagnetic system. This is most important when considering longitudinal or UT variations, or when data from a limited region are used.