Arrays of coupled chemical oscillators

TL;DR

This paper explores the synchronization phenomena in arrays of candle flames, demonstrating how coupled chemical oscillators can produce complex, coordinated oscillations and energy transfer in spatially ordered systems.

Contribution

It introduces a novel experimental setup of candle flame arrays to study synchronization and energy transfer among coupled chemical oscillators.

Findings

Flame arrays exhibit in-phase and anti-phase synchronization.

Central flames can be amplified or suppressed through array interactions.

Complex three-dimensional synchronized motions are observed.

Abstract

Oscillating chemical reactions result from complex periodic changes in the concentration of the reactants. In spatially ordered ensembles of candle flame oscillators the fluctuations in the ratio of oxygen atoms with respect to that of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen produces an oscillation in the visible part of the flame related to the energy released per unit mass of oxygen. Thus, the products of the reaction vary in concentration as a function of time, giving rise to an oscillation in the amount of soot and radiative emission. Synchronisation of interacting dynamical sub-systems occurs as arrays of flames that act as master and slave oscillators, with groups of candles numbering greater than two, creating a synchronised motion in three-dimensions. In a ring of candles the visible parts of each flame move together, up and down and back and forth, in a manner that appears like a "worship". Here this effect is shown for rings of flames which collectively empower a central flame to pulse to greater heights. In contrast, situations where the central flames are suppressed are also found. The phenomena leads to in-phase synchronised states emerging between periods of anti-phase synchronisation for arrays with different columnar sizes of candle and positioning.