Temporal dynamics in immunological synapse: Role of thermal fluctuations in signaling

TL;DR

This paper investigates how thermal fluctuations influence the stability and signaling of T-cell receptor bonds in immunological synapses, revealing a dual-phase survival probability governed by distinct time regimes and universal scaling laws.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework showing how stochastic thermal noise affects bond stability, with universal scaling laws for survival probabilities in T-cell receptor interactions.

Findings

Short-time survival probability scales with noise amplitude as a power law.

A crossover in dynamics indicates different regimes of bond stability.

TCR:pMHC bonds exhibit slower decay, implying greater stability.

Abstract

The article analyzes the contribution of stochastic thermal fluctuations in the attachment times of the immature T-cell receptor TCR: peptide-major-histocompatibility-complex pMHC immunological synapse bond. The key question addressed here is the following: how does a synapse bond remain stabilized in the presence of high frequency thermal noise that potentially equates to a strong detaching force? Focusing on the average time persistence of an immature synapse, we show that the high frequency nodes accompanying large fluctuations are counterbalanced by low frequency nodes that evolve over longer time periods. Our analysis shows that such a behavior could be easily explained from the fact that the survival probability distribution is governed by two distinct phases, for the two different time regimes. The relatively shorter time scales correspond to the cohesion:adhesion induced immature bond formation whereas the larger time reciprocates the association:dissociation regime leading to TCR:pMHC signaling. From an estimation of the bond survival probability, we show that at shorter time scales, this probability $P_{\Delta}(\tau)$ scales with time $\tau$ as an universal function of a rescaled noise amplitude $\frac{D}{\Delta^2}$, such that $P_{\Delta}(\tau)\sim \tau^{-(\frac{\Delta}{\sqrt{D}}+\frac{1}{2})}$, $\Delta$ being the distance from the mean inter-membrane (T cell:Antigen Presenting Cell) separation distance. The crossover from this shorter to a longer time regime leads to an universality in the dynamics, at which point the survival probability shows a different power-law scaling compared to the one at shorter time scales. In biological terms, such a crossover indicates that the TCR:pMHC bond has a survival probability with a slower decay rate than the longer LFA-1:ICAM-1 bond justifying its stability.