High-mass star formation toward southern infrared bubble S10

TL;DR

This study investigates high-mass star formation in regions associated with the southern Galactic bubble S10 using radio, infrared, and far-infrared data, revealing high-mass clumps, young stellar objects, and potential bow-wave phenomena.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the physical properties, star formation activity, and morphology of high-mass star forming regions near S10 using multi-wavelength observations.

Findings

Detection of high-mass star forming clumps with masses 300-1600 M_sun

Identification of high-luminosity, high-accretion rate young stellar objects

Evidence of a possible bow-wave near the ionizing star

Abstract

An investigation in radio and infrared wavelengths of two high-mass star forming regions toward the southern Galactic bubble S10 is presented here. The two regions under study are associated with the broken bubble S10 and Extended Green Object, G345.99-0.02, respectively. Radio continuum emission mapped at 610 and 1280 MHz using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, India is detected towards both the regions. These regions are estimated to be ionized by early B to late O type stars. Spitzer GLIMPSE mid-infrared data is used to identify young stellar objects associated with these regions. A Class I/II type source, with an estimated mass of 6.2 M{\sun} , lies {\sim} 7{\arcsec} from the radio peak. Pixel-wise, modified blackbody fits to the thermal dust emission using Herschel far-infrared data is performed to construct dust temperature and column density maps. Eight clumps are detected in the two regions using the 250 {\mu}m image. The masses and linear diameter of these range between {\sim} 300 - 1600 M{\sun} and 0.2 - 1.1 pc, respectively which qualifies them as high-mass star forming clumps. Modelling of the spectral energy distribution of these clumps indicates the presence of high luminosity, high accretion rate, massive young stellar objects possibly in the accelerating accretion phase. Further, based on the radio and MIR morphology, the occurrence of a possible bow-wave towards the likely ionizing star is explored.