Secondary radiation measurements for particle therapy applications: prompt photons produced by $^{4}$He, $^{12}$C and $^{16}$O ion beams in a PMMA target

TL;DR

This study measures prompt photon yields from helium, carbon, and oxygen ion beams in a PMMA target to evaluate their potential for real-time dose monitoring in particle therapy treatments.

Contribution

It provides the first prompt photon yield measurements for helium and oxygen beams, expanding the data available for dose monitoring techniques in particle therapy.

Findings

Prompt photon yields for $^{12}$C are consistent with literature.

No prior data available for $^{4}$He and $^{16}$O photon yields.

Feasibility of prompt-γ based monitoring for helium, carbon, and oxygen beams is demonstrated.

Abstract

Charged particle beams are used in Particle Therapy (PT) to treat oncological patients due to their selective dose deposition in tissues and to their high biological effect in killing cancer cells with respect to photons and electrons used in conventional radiotherapy. Nowadays, protons and carbon ions are used in PT clinical routine but, recently, the interest on the potential application of helium and oxygen beams is growing due to their reduced multiple scattering inside the body and increased linear energy transfer, relative biological effectiveness and oxygen enhancement ratio. The precision of PT demands for online dose monitoring techniques, crucial to improve the quality assurance of treatments. The beam range confined in the irradiated target can be monitored thanks to the neutral or charged secondary radiation emitted by the interactions of hadron beams with matter. Prompt photons are produced by nuclear de-excitation processes and, at present, different dose monitoring and beam range verification techniques based on the prompt {\gamma} detection have been proposed. It is hence of importance to perform the {\gamma} yield measurement in therapeutical-like conditions. In this paper we report the yields of prompt photons produced by the interaction of helium, carbon and oxygen ion beams with a PMMA target. The measurements were performed at the Heidelberg Ion-beam Therapy center (HIT) with beams of different energies. A LYSO scintillator has been used as photon detector. The obtained {\gamma} yields for $^{12}$C ion beams are compared with results from literature, while no other results from $^{4}$He and $^{16}$O beams have been published yet. A discussion on the expected resolution of a slit camera detector is presented, demonstrating the feasibility of a prompt-{\gamma} based monitoring technique for PT treatments using helium, carbon and oxygen ion beams.