Study on the fabrication of low-pass metal powder filters for use at cryogenic temperatures

TL;DR

This study develops and tests compact stainless-steel powder filters for cryogenic low-noise measurements, demonstrating high attenuation at GHz frequencies with specific design optimizations for shape, wire length, and mixture ratios.

Contribution

It introduces a novel fabrication method for low-pass metal powder filters optimized for cryogenic applications, analyzing their attenuation characteristics and effects of geometry and mixture ratios.

Findings

High attenuation near 1 GHz cutoff frequency

Attenuation of -93 dB at 4 GHz for specific configurations

Linear relationship between wire length and attenuation

Abstract

We fabricated compact low-pass stainless-steel powder filters for use in low-noise measurements at cryogenic temperatures and investigated their attenuation characteristics for different wire lengths, shapes, and preparation methods up to 20 GHz. We used nominally 30-micrometer-sized SUS 304L powder and mixed with Stycast 2850FT by Emerson and Cumming with catalyst 23LV. A 0.1 mm insulated copper wire was wound on preformed powder-mixture spools in the shape of a right-circular cylinder, a flattened elliptic cylinder and a toroid, and the coils were encapsulated in metal tubes or boxes filled with the powder mixture. All the fabricated powder filters showed a large attenuation at high frequencies with a cut-off frequency near 1 GHz. However, the toroidal filter showed prominent ripples corresponding to resonance modes in the 0.5-m-long coil wire. A filter with a 2:1 powder/epoxy mixture mass rate and a wire length of 1.53 m showed an attenuation of -93 dB at 4 GHz and the attenuation was linearly proportional to the wire length. As the powder-to-epoxy ratio increased, the high-frequency attenuation increased. An equally-spaced single-layer coil structure was found to be more efficient in attenuation than a double-layer coil. Geometry of the metal filter-case affected noise ripples with the least noise in a circular-tube case.