Stability of 3D Gaussian vortices in an unbounded, rotating, vertically-stratified, Boussinesq flow: Linear analysis

TL;DR

This paper investigates the linear stability of 3D Gaussian vortices in rotating, stratified flows, revealing conditions for neutrally-stable vortices and differences in growth rates between cyclones and anticyclones, with implications for geophysical and astrophysical vortices.

Contribution

It provides a detailed numerical and analytical study of the stability of Gaussian vortices across relevant parameter ranges, including the effects of Rossby and Burger numbers.

Findings

Neutrally-stable vortices exist only in a small parameter region.

Anticyclones generally have slower growth rates than cyclones.

Results are insensitive to the ratio of Coriolis to stratification frequencies.

Abstract

The linear stability of three-dimensional (3D) vortices in rotating, stratified flows has been studied by analyzing the non-hydrostatic inviscid Boussinesq equations. We have focused on a widely-used model of geophysical and astrophysical vortices, which assumes an axisymmetric Gaussian structure for pressure anomalies in the horizontal and vertical directions. For a range of Rossby number ($-0.5 < Ro < 0.5$) and Burger number ($0.02 < Bu < 2.3$) relevant to observed long-lived vortices, the growth rate and spatial structure of the most unstable eigenmodes have been numerically calculated and presented as a function of $Ro-Bu$. We have found neutrally-stable vortices only over a small region of the $Ro-Bu$ parameter space: cyclones with $Ro \sim 0.02-0.05$ and $Bu \sim 0.85-0.95$. However, we have also found that anticyclones in general have slower growth rates compared to cyclones. In particular, the growth rate of the most unstable eigenmode for anticyclones in a large region of the parameter space (e.g., $Ro<0$ and $0.5 \lesssim Bu \lesssim 1.3$) is slower than $50$ turn-around times of the vortex (which often corresponds to several years for ocean eddies). For cyclones, the region with such slow growth rates is confined to $0<Ro<0.1$ and $0.5 \lesssim Bu \lesssim 1.3$. While most calculations have been done for $f/\bar{N}=0.1$ (where $f$ and $\bar{N}$ are the Coriolis and background Brunt-V\"ais\"al\"a frequencies), we have numerically verified and explained analytically, using non-dimensionalized equations, the insensitivity of the results to reducing $f/\bar{N}$ to the more ocean-relevant value of $0.01$. The results of this paper provide a steppingstone to study the more complicated problems of the stability of geophysical (e.g., those in the atmospheres of giant planets) and astrophysical vortices (in accretion disks).