A Robust Measurement of the Mass Outflow Rate of the Galactic Outflow from NGC 6090

TL;DR

This study uses ultraviolet spectroscopy of NGC 6090 to accurately measure the galactic outflow's mass rate, revealing lower values than previous estimates due to better constrained physical parameters.

Contribution

It introduces a method to directly constrain outflow properties from UV data, reducing uncertainties in mass outflow rate estimates compared to prior assumptions.

Findings

Most of the outflow mass is within 300 pc of the starburst.

The maximum mass outflow rate is 2.3 solar masses per year.

The mass loading factor is 0.09, much lower than previous estimates.

Abstract

To evaluate the impact of stellar feedback, it is critical to estimate the mass outflow rates of galaxies. Past estimates have been plagued by uncertain assumptions about the outflow geometry, metallicity, and ionization fraction. Here we use Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet spectroscopic observations of the nearby starburst NGC 6090 to demonstrate that many of these quantities can be constrained by the data. We use the Si~{\sc IV} absorption lines to calculate the scaling of velocity (v), covering fraction (C$_f$), and density with distance from the starburst (r), assuming the Sobolev optical depth and a velocity law of the form: v$~\propto(1 -\mathrm{R}_\mathrm{i}/\mathrm{r} )^\beta$ (where R$_\mathrm{i}$ is the inner outflow radius). We find that the velocity ($\beta$=0.43) is consistent with an outflow driven by an r$^{-2}$ force with the outflow radially accelerated, while the scaling of the covering fraction ($C_f \propto \mathrm{r}^{-0.82}$) suggests that cool clouds in the outflow are in pressure equilibrium with an adiabatically expanding medium. We use the column densities of four weak metal lines and CLOUDY photoionization models to determine the outflow metallicity, the ionization correction, and the initial density of the outflow. Combining these values with the profile fitting, we find R$_\mathrm{i}$ = 63 pc, with most of the mass within 300~pc of the starburst. Finally, we find that the maximum mass outflow rate is 2.3~M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and the mass loading factor (outflow divided by the star formation rate) is 0.09, a factor of 10 lower than the value calculated using common assumptions for the geometry, metallicity and ionization structure of the outflow.