Luminosity distributions of Type Ia Supernovae

TL;DR

This study analyzes a large dataset of low-redshift Type Ia supernovae to understand their luminosity distributions, host galaxy effects, and diversity, revealing bimodal features and differences based on galaxy type.

Contribution

It introduces a new host galaxy extinction correction method and provides detailed luminosity and diversity analysis of SNe Ia, highlighting differences between galaxy types.

Findings

Normal SNe Ia occupy a larger parameter space after correction.

Bimodal distribution observed in decline rates with a gap at 1.6 mag.

SNe Ia from star-forming galaxies are generally brighter than those from passive galaxies.

Abstract

We have assembled a dataset of 165 low redshift, $z<$0.06, publicly available type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). We produce maximum light magnitude ($M_{B}$ and $M_{V}$) distributions of SNe Ia to explore the diversity of parameter space that they can fill. Before correction for host galaxy extinction we find that the mean $M_{B}$ and $M_{V}$ of SNe Ia are $-18.58\pm0.07$mag and $-18.72\pm0.05$mag respectively. Host galaxy extinction is corrected using a new method based on the SN spectrum. After correction, the mean values of $M_{B}$ and $M_{V}$ of SNe Ia are $-19.10\pm0.06$ and $-19.10\pm0.05$mag respectively. After correction for host galaxy extinction, `normal' SNeIa ($\Delta m_{15}(B)<1.6$mag) fill a larger parameter space in the Width-Luminosity Relation (WLR) than previously suggested, and there is evidence for luminous SNe Ia with large $\Delta m_{15}(B)$. We find a bimodal distribution in $\Delta m_{15}(B)$, with a pronounced lack of transitional events at $\Delta m_{15}(B)$=1.6 mag. We confirm that faster, low-luminosity SNe tend to come from passive galaxies. Dividing the sample by host galaxy type, SNe Ia from star-forming (S-F) galaxies have a mean $M_{B}=-19.20 \pm 0.05$ mag, while SNe Ia from passive galaxies have a mean $M_{B}=-18.57 \pm 0.24$ mag. Even excluding fast declining SNe, `normal' ($M_{B}<-18$ mag) SNe Ia from S-F and passive galaxies are distinct. In the $V$-band, there is a difference of 0.4$ \pm $0.13 mag between the median ($M_{V}$) values of the `normal' SN Ia population from passive and S-F galaxies. This is consistent with ($\sim 15 \pm $10)% of `normal' SNe Ia from S-F galaxies coming from an old stellar population.