Thermodynamics of perfect fluids from scalar field theory

TL;DR

This paper connects scalar field theories describing relativistic media to thermodynamics, showing that perfect fluids require four scalar fields for a complete thermodynamic description and linking stability conditions.

Contribution

It establishes a detailed correspondence between scalar field operators and thermodynamic variables for perfect fluids, emphasizing the necessity of four fields for thermodynamic consistency.

Findings

Four scalar fields are essential for a complete thermodynamic description.

Thermodynamic stability and null-energy condition imply dynamical stability.

Explicit breaking of shift symmetries prevents a consistent thermodynamic interpretation.

Abstract

The low-energy dynamics of relativistic continuous media is given by a shift-symmetric effective theory of four scalar fields. These scalars describe the embedding in spacetime of the medium and play the role of St\"uckelberg fields for spontaneously broken spatial and time translations. Perfect fluids are selected imposing a stronger symmetry group or reducing the field content to a single scalar. We explore the relation between the field theory description of perfect fluids to thermodynamics. By drawing the correspondence between the allowed operators at leading order in derivatives and the thermodynamic variables, we find that a complete thermodynamic picture requires the four Stuckelberg fields. We show that thermodynamic stability plus the null-energy condition imply dynamical stability. We also argue that a consistent thermodynamic interpretation is not possible if any of the shift symmetries is explicitly broken.