Bubble-like structures generated by activation of internal shape modes in two-dimensional sine-Gordon line solitons

TL;DR

This paper studies how localized forces in a 2D sine-Gordon model activate internal soliton modes, leading to bubble-like structures, with implications for phase transitions and Josephson junctions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel analysis of bubble-like structure formation in 2D sine-Gordon solitons via internal mode activation, linking it to phase transition theory.

Findings

Bubble-like structures form due to internal mode instabilities.

A one-dimensional theory explains the formation process.

Implications for Josephson junction device design.

Abstract

Nonlinear waves that collide with localized defects exhibit complex behavior. Apart from reflection, transmission, and annihilation of an incident wave, a local inhomogeneity can activate internal modes of solitons, producing many impressive phenomena. In this work, we investigate a two-dimensional sine-Gordon model perturbed by a family of localized forces. We observed the formation of bubble-like and drop-like structures due to local internal shape modes instabilities. We describe the formation of such structures on the basis of a one-dimensional theory of activation of internal modes of sG solitons. An interpretation of the observed phenomena, in the context of phase transitions theory, is given. Implications in Josephson junctions with a current dipole device are discussed.