Interaction between mountain waves and shear flow in an inertial layer

TL;DR

This paper analyzes how mountain-generated inertia-gravity waves interact with shear flows near inertial levels, revealing two propagation regimes and their impact on mean flow through wave-mean flow exchange mechanisms.

Contribution

It provides an explicit description of wavepacket structure and mean-flow response near inertial levels using asymptotic methods, highlighting the role of inertial-level singularities.

Findings

Wavepacket reaches a finite downstream distance from the mountain.

Two propagation regimes identified: standard ray-tracing and inertial-level controlled.

Wave-mean flow interaction governed by Eliassen-Palm flux changes.

Abstract

Mountain-generated inertia-gravity waves (IGWs) affect the dynamics of both the atmosphere and the ocean through the mean force they exert as they interact with the flow. A key to this interaction is the presence of critical-level singularities or, when planetary rotation is taken into account, inertial-level singularities, where the Doppler-shifted wave frequency matches the local Coriolis frequency. We examine the role of the latter singularities by studying the steady wavepacket generated by a multiscale mountain in a rotating linear shear flow at low Rossby number. Using a combination of WKB and saddle-point approximations, we provide an explicit description of the form of the wavepacket, of the mean forcing it induces, and of the mean-flow response. We identify two distinguished regimes of wave propagation: Regime I applies far enough from a dominant inertial level for the standard ray-tracing approximation to be valid; Regime II applies to a thin region where the wavepacket structure is controlled by the inertial-level singularities. The wave--mean-flow interaction is governed by the change in Eliassen--Palm (or pseudomomentum) flux. This change is localised in a thin inertial layer where the wavepacket takes a limiting form of that found in Regime II. We solve a quasi-geostrophic potential-vorticity equation forced by the divergence of the Eliassen--Palm flux to compute the wave-induced mean flow. Our results, obtained in an inviscid limit, show that the wavepacket reaches a large-but-finite distance downstream of the mountain (specifically, a distance of order $k_*^{1/2} \Delta^{3/2}$, where $k_*^{-1}$ and $\Delta$ measure the wave and envelope scales of the mountain) and extends horizontally over a similar scale.