Boundary conditions for General Relativity on AdS$_{3}$ and the KdV hierarchy

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new family of boundary conditions in 3D AdS gravity linked to the KdV hierarchy, revealing novel asymptotic symmetries, anisotropic scaling, and a generalized entropy formula for black holes.

Contribution

It proposes a novel set of boundary conditions in 3D AdS gravity labeled by an integer k, connecting boundary gravitons to the KdV hierarchy and revealing new symmetry structures.

Findings

Boundary conditions labeled by integer k relate to the KdV hierarchy.

Asymptotic symmetry algebra is infinite-dimensional, abelian, and has no central extension.

Black hole entropy matches a generalized Cardy formula with anisotropic scaling.

Abstract

It is shown that General Relativity with negative cosmological constant in three spacetime dimensions admits a new family of boundary conditions being labeled by a nonnegative integer $k$. Gravitational excitations are then described by "boundary gravitons" that fulfill the equations of the $k$-th element of the KdV hierarchy. In particular, $k=0$ corresponds to the Brown-Henneaux boundary conditions so that excitations are described by chiral movers. In the case of $k=1$, the boundary gravitons fulfill the KdV equation and the asymptotic symmetry algebra turns out to be infinite-dimensional, abelian and devoid of central extensions. The latter feature also holds for the remaining cases that describe the hierarchy ($k>1$). Our boundary conditions then provide a gravitational dual of two noninteracting left and right KdV movers, and hence, boundary gravitons possess anisotropic Lifshitz scaling with dynamical exponent $z=2k+1$. Remarkably, despite spacetimes solving the field equations are locally AdS, they possess anisotropic scaling being induced by the choice of boundary conditions. As an application, the entropy of a rotating BTZ black hole is precisely recovered from a suitable generalization of the Cardy formula that is compatible with the anisotropic scaling of the chiral KdV movers at the boundary, in which the energy of AdS spacetime with our boundary conditions depends on $z$ and plays the role of the central charge. The extension of our boundary conditions to the case of higher spin gravity and its link with different classes of integrable systems is also briefly addressed.