On the Characteristics of Footpoints of Solar Magnetic Flux Ropes during the Eruption

TL;DR

This study analyzes the footpoints of erupting solar magnetic flux ropes, revealing their magnetic field characteristics, evolution during eruptions, and supporting a 3D standard CME/flare model with detailed observational evidence.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the magnetic properties and evolution of MFR footpoints during eruptions, supporting the 3D standard CME/flare model with detailed observational analysis.

Findings

Footpoints of MFRs originate in regions with different magnetic field strengths.

MFRs ascend to high altitudes, deviating from main polarity inversion lines.

Magnetic fields in MFR footpoints straighten and untwist during eruptions.

Abstract

We investigate the footpoints of four erupted magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) that appear as sigmoidal hot channels prior to the eruptions in the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly high temperaure passbands. The simultaneous Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager observations disclose that one footpoint of the MFRs originates in the penumbra or penumbra edge with a stronger magnetic field, while the other in the moss region with a weaker magnetic field. The significant deviation of the axis of the MFRs from the main polarity inversion lines and associated filaments suggests that the MFRs have ascended to a high altitude, thus being distinguishable from the source sigmoidal ARs. The more interesting thing is that, with the eruption of the MFRs, the average inclination angle and direct current at the footpoints with stronger magnetic field tend to decrease, which is suggestive of a straightening and untwisting of the magnetic field in the MFR legs. Moreover, the associated flare ribbons also display an interesting evolution. They initially appear as sporadical brightenings at the two footpoints of and in the regions below the MFRs and then quickly extend to two slender sheared J-shaped ribbons with the two hooks corresponding to the two ends of the MFRs. Finally, the straight parts of the two ribbons separate from each other, evolving into two widened parallel ones. These features mostly conforms to and supports the recently proposed three-dimensional standard CME/flare model, i.e., the twisted MFR eruption stretches and leads to the reconnection of the overlying field that transits from a strong to weak shear with the increasing height.