Evidence for a correlation between mass accretion rates onto young stars and the mass of their protoplanetary disks

TL;DR

This study provides observational evidence linking mass accretion rates onto young stars with the dust mass of their protoplanetary disks, supporting viscous accretion theory predictions.

Contribution

It presents the first homogeneous dataset combining VLT/X-Shooter and ALMA observations to test the correlation between accretion rates and disk mass in young stars.

Findings

A confirmed correlation between accretion rate and disk dust mass.

No significant correlation between accretion rate and CO-based disk mass.

Disk dust mass aligns with viscous timescale predictions.

Abstract

A relation between the mass accretion rate onto the central young star and the mass of the surrounding protoplanetary disk has long been theoretically predicted and observationally sought. For the first time, we have accurately and homogeneously determined the photospheric parameters, mass accretion rate, and disk mass for an essentially complete sample of young stars with disks in the Lupus clouds. Our work combines the results of surveys conducted with VLT/X-Shooter and ALMA. With this dataset we are able to test a basic prediction of viscous accretion theory, the existence of a linear relation between the mass accretion rate onto the central star and the total disk mass. We find a correlation between the mass accretion rate and the disk dust mass, with a ratio that is roughly consistent with the expected viscous timescale when assuming an interstellar medium (ISM) gas-to-dust ratio. This confirms that mass accretion rates are related to the properties of the outer disk. We find no correlation between mass accretion rates and the disk mass measured by CO isotopologues emission lines, possibly owing to the small number of measured disk gas masses. This suggests that the mm-sized dust mass better traces the total disk mass and that masses derived from CO may be underestimated, at least in some cases.