HII Region Ionization of the Interstellar Medium: A Case Study of NGC 7538

TL;DR

This study uses radio and infrared data to analyze the ionization and radiation leakage of the HII region NGC 7538, revealing non-uniform PDR morphology and limited impact on the surrounding medium.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of radiation leakage and PDR structure in NGC 7538 using multi-wavelength observations.

Findings

Detected extended radio emission beyond the PDR indicating radiation leakage.

Quantified a 15% lower limit of radiation leakage from NGC 7538.

Found localized dust temperature enhancements correlating with extended radio emission.

Abstract

Using data from the Green Bank Telescope, we analyze the radio continuum (free-free) and radio recombination line (RRL) emission of the compact HII region NGC 7538 (Sharpless 158). We detect extended radio continuum and hydrogen RRL emission beyond the photodissociation region (PDR) toward the north and east, but a sharp decrease in emission toward the south and west. This indicates that a non-uniform PDR morphology is affecting the amount of radiation "leaking" through the PDR. The strongest carbon RRL emission is found in the western PDR that appears to be dense. We compute a leaking fraction $f_R = 15 \pm 5$ % of the radio continuum emission measured in the plane of the sky which represents a lower limit when accounting for the three-dimensional geometry of the region. We detect an average $^4\textrm{He}^+/\textrm{H}^+$ abundance ratio by number of $0.088 \pm 0.003$ inside the HII region and a decrease in this ratio with increasing distance from the region beyond the PDR. Using Herschel Space Observatory data, we show that small dust temperature enhancements to the north and east of NGC 7538 coincide with extended radio emission, but that the dust temperature enhancements are mostly contained within a second PDR to the east. Unlike the giant HII region W43, the radiation leaking from NGC 7538 seems to only affect the local ambient medium. This suggests that giant HII regions may have a large effect in maintaining the ionization of the interstellar medium.