Colourability and word-representability of near-triangulations

TL;DR

This paper investigates the word-representability of near-triangulations, establishing their 3-colorability equivalence and extending previous results on polyomino triangulations, thereby solving open problems in the field.

Contribution

It provides a shorter proof of the 3-colorability criterion for near-triangulations and generalizes prior results on polyomino triangulations, addressing open questions.

Findings

Near-triangulations are 3-colorable if and only if they are internally even.

Near-triangulations generalize polyomino triangulations studied previously.

The paper solves all open problems related to word-representability of these structures.

Abstract

A graph $G = (V,E)$ is word-representable if there is a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if the edge $(x, y)$ is in $G$. It is known [6] that all $3$-colourable graphs are word-representable, while among those with a higher chromatic number some are word-representable while others are not. There has been some recent research on the word-representability of polyomino triangulations. Akrobotu et al.[1] showed that a triangulation of a convex polyomino is word-representable if and only if it is $3$-colourable; and Glen and Kitaev[5] extended this result to the case of a rectangular polyomino triangulation when a single domino tile is allowed. It was shown in [4] that a near-triangulation is $3$-colourable if and only if it is internally even. This paper provides a much shorter and more elegant proof of this fact, and also shows that near-triangulations are in fact a generalization of the polyomino triangulations studied in [1] and [5], and so we generalize the results of these two papers, and solve all open problems stated in [5].