Clustering, Cosmology and a New Era of Black Hole Demographics -- I. The Conditional Luminosity Function of Active Galactic Nuclei

TL;DR

This paper introduces a method to measure the Conditional Luminosity Function of AGNs, linking their evolution to cosmological environments, and predicts luminosity-dependent clustering properties at different redshifts.

Contribution

It presents a novel observational approach to constrain the CLF of AGNs, enabling detailed analysis of their environmental dependence and triggering mechanisms.

Findings

Luminosity dependence in AGN bias and halo mass at z=0 and 0.9.

Predicted that z≈0.9 quasars often reside in massive haloes (~10^{14} M_sun).

Supports existence of multiple AGN triggering modes.

Abstract

Deep X-ray surveys have provided a comprehensive and largely unbiased view of active galactic nuclei (AGN) evolution stretching back to $z \sim 5$. However, it has been challenging to use the survey results to connect this evolution to the cosmological environment that AGNs inhabit. Exploring this connection will be crucial to understanding the triggering mechanisms of AGNs and how these processes manifest in observations at all wavelengths. In anticipation of upcoming wide-field X-ray surveys that will allow quantitative analysis of AGN environments, this paper presents a method to observationally constrain the Conditional Luminosity Function (CLF) of AGNs at a specific $z$. Once measured, the CLF allows the calculation of the AGN bias, mean dark matter halo mass, AGN lifetime, halo occupation number, and AGN correlation function -- all as a function of luminosity. The CLF can be constrained using a measurement of the X-ray luminosity function and the correlation length at different luminosities. The method is illustrated at $z \approx 0$ and $0.9$ using the limited data that is currently available, and a clear luminosity dependence in the AGN bias and mean halo mass is predicted at both $z$, supporting the idea that there are at least two different modes of AGN triggering. In addition, the CLF predicts that $z\approx 0.9$ quasars may be commonly hosted by haloes with $M_{\mathrm{h}} \sim 10^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$. These `young cluster' environments may provide the necessary interactions between gas-rich galaxies to fuel luminous accretion. The results derived from this method will be useful to populate AGNs of different luminosities in cosmological simulations.