A full, self-consistent, treatment of thermal wind balance on oblate fluid planets

TL;DR

This paper develops a comprehensive, self-consistent model of thermal wind balance on oblate planets like Jupiter and Saturn, incorporating all relevant physical effects to better interpret gravity measurements and infer deep atmospheric flows.

Contribution

It introduces a fully self-consistent perturbation approach to thermal wind balance that includes all physical effects, improving the analysis of gravity data for oblate fluid planets.

Findings

The dominant balance is well approximated by the simplified thermal wind approach.

Additional physical effects are smaller and not dominant.

The model provides order-of-magnitude estimates of gravitational moments.

Abstract

The nature of the flow below the cloud level on Jupiter and Saturn is still unknown. Relating the flow on these planets to perturbations in their density field is key to the analysis of the gravity measurements expected from both the Juno (Jupiter) and Cassini (Saturn) spacecrafts during 2016-17. Both missions will provide latitude-dependent gravity fields, which in principle could be inverted to calculate the vertical structure of the observed cloud-level zonal flow on these planets. Theories to date connecting the gravity field and the flow structure have been limited to potential theories under a barotropic assumption, or estimates based on thermal wind balance that allow analyzing baroclinic wind structures, but have made simplifying assumptions. Those include the effects of the deviations from spherical symmetry, the centrifugal force due to density perturbations, and self-gravitational effects of the density perturbations. Recent studies attempted to include some effects but not in a self-consistent manner. The present study introduces such a self-consistent perturbation approach to the thermal wind balance that incorporates all physical effects, and applies it to several example wind structures, both barotropic and baroclinic. The contribution of each term is analyzed, and the results are compared in the barotropic limit to those of potential theory. It is found that the dominant balance involves the original simplified thermal wind approach. This balance produces a good order-of-magnitude estimate of the gravitational moments, and is able, therefore, to address the order one question of how deep the flows are given measurements of gravitational moments. The additional terms are significantly smaller and none of these terms is dominant, so any approximation attempting to improve over the simplified thermal wind approach needs to include all other terms.