Proximal Distance Algorithms: Theory and Examples

TL;DR

Proximal distance algorithms merge penalty methods with distance majorization to efficiently solve constrained optimization problems, demonstrating strong theoretical convergence and practical performance across diverse applications.

Contribution

This paper introduces proximal distance algorithms, combining penalty methods with distance majorization, and proves their global convergence for convex problems with diverse practical examples.

Findings

Algorithms are competitive or superior in speed to traditional methods.

Proven global convergence for convex problems.

Effective in various applications like linear programming and sparse PCA.

Abstract

Proximal distance algorithms combine the classical penalty method of constrained minimization with distance majorization. If $f(\boldsymbol{x})$ is the loss function, and $C$ is the constraint set in a constrained minimization problem, then the proximal distance principle mandates minimizing the penalized loss $f(\boldsymbol{x})+\frac{\rho}{2}\mathop{dist}(x,C)^2$ and following the solution $\boldsymbol{x}_{\rho}$ to its limit as $\rho$ tends to $\infty$. At each iteration the squared Euclidean distance $\mathop{dist}(\boldsymbol{x},C)^2$ is majorized by the spherical quadratic $\| \boldsymbol{x}-P_C(\boldsymbol{x}_k)\|^2$, where $P_C(\boldsymbol{x}_k)$ denotes the projection of the current iterate $\boldsymbol{x}_k$ onto $C$. The minimum of the surrogate function $f(\boldsymbol{x})+\frac{\rho}{2}\|\boldsymbol{x}-P_C(\boldsymbol{x}_k)\|^2$ is given by the proximal map $\mathop{prox}_{\rho^{-1}f}[P_C(\boldsymbol{x}_k)]$. The next iterate $\boldsymbol{x}_{k+1}$ automatically decreases the original penalized loss for fixed $\rho$. Since many explicit projections and proximal maps are known, it is straightforward to derive and implement novel optimization algorithms in this setting. These algorithms can take hundreds if not thousands of iterations to converge, but the stereotyped nature of each iteration makes proximal distance algorithms competitive with traditional algorithms. For convex problems, we prove global convergence. Our numerical examples include a) linear programming, b) nonnegative quadratic programming, c) projection to the closest kinship matrix, d) projection onto a second-order cone constraint, e) calculation of Horn's copositive matrix index, f) linear complementarity programming, and g) sparse principal components analysis. The proximal distance algorithm in each case is competitive or superior in speed to traditional methods.