LHCb VELO Upgrade

TL;DR

The LHCb VELO upgrade introduces a high-speed, hybrid pixel detector with advanced electronics and cooling, enabling fast data processing at high luminosity for improved vertex detection in the LHCb experiment.

Contribution

This paper details the design, implementation, and testing of the upgraded VELO detector with novel pixel sensors and cooling techniques for high-rate data acquisition.

Findings

Successful operation of irradiated sensor assemblies

Achievement of high hit rate capabilities

Effective cooling with microchannel evaporative CO2 system

Abstract

The upgrade of the LHCb experiment, scheduled for LHC Run-III, scheduled to start in 2021, will transform the experiment to a trigger-less system reading out the full detector at 40 MHz event rate. All data reduction algorithms will be executed in a high-level software farm enabling the detector to run at luminosities of $2\times10^{33} \mathrm{cm}^{-2}\mathrm{s}^{-1}$. The Vertex Locator (VELO) is the silicon vertex detector surrounding the interaction region. The current detector will be replaced with a hybrid pixel system equipped with electronics capable of reading out at 40 MHz. The upgraded VELO will provide fast pattern recognition and track reconstruction to the software trigger. The silicon pixel sensors have $55\times55 \mu m^{2}$ pitch, and are read out by the VeloPix ASIC, from the Timepix/Medipix family. The hottest region will have pixel hit rates of 900 Mhits/s yielding a total data rate of more than 3 Tbit/s for the upgraded VELO. The detector modules are located in a separate vacuum, separated from the beam vacuum by a thin custom made foil. The foil will be manufactured through milling and possibly thinned further by chemical etching. The material budget will be minimised by the use of evaporative CO$_2$ coolant circulating in microchannels within 400 $\mu m$ thick silicon substrates. The current status of the VELO upgrade is described and latest results from operation of irradiated sensor assemblies are presented.