Charged Q-ball Dark Matter from $B$ and $L$ direction

TL;DR

This paper explores the evolution of charged Q-balls in the early universe, proposing they could be relic dark matter objects constrained by experimental searches, with implications for gauge mediation models.

Contribution

It demonstrates that charged Q-balls can survive to the present as dark matter and analyzes the parameter space constrained by experimental data.

Findings

Charged Q-balls can become relic dark matter in the universe.

Experimental constraints limit the parameter space for gauge mediation models.

Relic charged Q-balls are consistent with current observational bounds.

Abstract

We consider nearly equal number of gauge mediation type charged (anti-) Q-balls with charge of $\alpha^{-1}\simeq137$ well before the BBN epoch and discussed how they evolve in time. We found that ion-like objects with electric charges of $+O(1)$ are likely to become relics in the present universe, which we expect to be the dark matter. These are constrained by MICA experiment, where the trail of heavy atom-like or ion-like object in $10^9$ years old ancient mica crystals is not observed. We found that the allowed region for gauge mediation model parameter and reheating temperature have to be smaller than the case of the neutral Q-ball dark matter.