Study of Glass and Bakelite properties as electrodes in RPCs

TL;DR

This study compares glass and bakelite electrodes for RPC detectors, finding glass has higher resistivity and better surface uniformity, making it preferable for high-energy physics experiments like INO's ICAL detector.

Contribution

The paper provides a detailed characterization of glass and bakelite electrodes, highlighting the advantages of glass for RPC applications based on resistivity and surface properties.

Findings

Glass has ~100 times higher bulk resistivity than bakelite.

Surface current is higher in bakelite than in glass.

Glass does not require surface treatment for uniformity.

Abstract

India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) collaboration is planning to build a magnetized Iron-CALorimeter detector (ICAL) for the study of atmospheric neutrinos. ICAL detector will be a stack of 151 layers of magnetized iron plates interleaved with Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as active detector elements with a total mass of 50 kton. Resistive Plate Chambers are gaseous detectors made up of two parallel electrodes of high bulk resistivity like float glass and bakelite. These detectors are extensively used in several high energy physics experiments since 1980s because of high count rate, excellent time as well as spatial resolutions, simple to fabricate and operate. Due to detector aging issue, it is necessary to characterize electrode material so as to select appropriate electrode material before fabricating the detector. In the present studies, we measured bulk resistivity and surface current of glass as well as bakelite. Bulk resistivity of bakelite is ~ 100 times less than that of glass and surface current of bakelite is higher than that of glass. Also glass does not need any kind of surface treatment to achieve better surface uniformity. Therefore, glass electrodes are preferred over bakelite electrodes in most of the cases. Locally manufactured Asahi glass of ~2 mm thickness and bakelite sheets were tested during the studies as reported in this paper before the various stages of detector fabrication.