Comparison of VLT/X-shooter OH and O2 rotational temperatures with consideration of TIMED/SABER emission and temperature profiles

TL;DR

This study compares rotational temperatures derived from OH and O2 emissions at the mesopause, analyzing non-LTE effects and validating temperature measurements with satellite data to improve understanding of upper atmospheric conditions.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison of OH and O2 rotational temperatures using VLT/X-shooter spectra, incorporating satellite data to assess non-LTE effects across different emission altitudes.

Findings

O2 rotational temperatures agree well with SABER satellite data.

OH temperatures show significant non-LTE effects, especially at higher vibrational levels.

Non-LTE effects increase at night and for higher vibrational states.

Abstract

Rotational temperatures Trot derived from lines of the same OH band are an important method to study the mesopause region near 87 km. To measure realistic temperatures, the rotational level populations have to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). However, this might not be fulfilled, especially at high emission altitudes. In order to quantify possible non-LTE contributions to the OH Trot as a function of the upper vibrational level v', we studied a sample of 343 echelle spectra taken with the X-shooter spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope at Cerro Paranal in Chile. These data allowed us to analyse 25 OH bands in each spectrum. Moreover, we could measure lines of O2b(0-1), which peaks at 94 to 95 km, and O2a(0-0) with an emission peak at about 90 km. Since the radiative lifetimes are relatively long, the derived O2 Trot are not significantly affected by non-LTE contributions. For a comparison with OH, the differences in the emission profiles were corrected by using OH emission, O2a(0-0) emission, and CO2-based temperature profile data from the multi-channel radiometer SABER on the TIMED satellite. For a reference profile at 90 km, we found a good agreement of the O2 with the SABER-related temperatures, whereas the OH temperatures, especially for the high and even v', showed significant excesses with a maximum of more than 10 K for v' = 8. We could also find a nocturnal trend towards higher non-LTE effects, particularly for high v'.