Measuring Water Vapor and Ash in Volcanic Eruptions with a Millimeter-Wave Radar/Imager

TL;DR

This paper discusses the development of the WAMS instrument, a millimeter-wave radar and radiometer system designed to improve measurements of water vapor and ash in volcanic eruptions, enhancing eruption understanding and ash forecasting.

Contribution

Introduction of the WAMS system, a cost-effective millimeter-wave instrument capable of comprehensive 3D measurements of water vapor and ash in eruption clouds.

Findings

Sensitivity calculations demonstrate WAMS's capability to detect water vapor and ash.

WAMS can measure the 3D distribution of ash and water vapor inside eruption clouds.

The system uses off-the-shelf components for cost-effective deployment.

Abstract

Millimeter-wave remote sensing technology can significantly improve measurements of volcanic eruptions, yielding new insights into eruption processes and improving forecasts of drifting volcanic ash for aviation safety. Radiometers can measure water vapor density and temperature inside eruption clouds, improving on existing measurements with infrared cameras that are limited to measuring the outer cloud surface. Millimeter-wave radar can measure the 3D mass distribution of volcanic ash inside eruption plumes and their nearby drifting ash clouds. Millimeter wavelengths are better matched to typical ash particle sizes, offering better sensitivity than longer wavelength existing weather radar measurements, as well as the unique ability to directly measure ash particle size in-situ. Here we present sensitivity calculations in the context of developing the WAMS (Water and Ash Millimeter-wave Spectrometer) instrument. WAMS, a radar/radiometer system designed to use off-the-shelf components, would be able to measure water vapor and ash throughout an entire eruption cloud, a unique capability.