The growth of disks and bulges during hierarchical galaxy formation. I: fast evolution vs secular processes

TL;DR

This paper introduces a theoretical model integrated into a galaxy formation code that distinguishes between merger-driven and instability-driven bulges, successfully reproducing key galaxy scaling relations and predicting distinct galaxy populations based on bulge formation processes.

Contribution

The model uniquely combines secular and violent evolutionary channels within hierarchical clustering, providing insights into bulge types and their impact on galaxy properties.

Findings

Reproduces observed mass-size relations of disks and ellipticals.

Predicts distinct populations of merger-driven and instability-driven bulges.

Shows bulge type influences galaxy colour and star formation rate.

Abstract

We present a theoretical model for the evolution of mass, angular momentum and size of galaxy disks and bulges, and we implement it into the semi-analytic galaxy formation code SAGE. The model follows both secular and violent evolutionary channels, including smooth accretion, disk instabilities, minor and major mergers. We find that the combination of our recipe with hierarchical clustering produces two distinct populations of bulges: merger-driven bulges, akin to classical bulges and ellipticals, and instability-driven bulges, akin to secular (or pseudo-)bulges. The model mostly reproduces the mass-size relation of gaseous and stellar disks, the evolution of the mass-size relation of ellipticals, the Faber-Jackson relation, and the magnitude-colour diagram of classical and secular bulges. The model predicts only a small overlap of merger-driven and instability-driven components in the same galaxy, and predicts different bulge types as a function of galaxy mass and disk fraction. Bulge type also affects the star formation rate and colour at a given luminosity. The model predicts a population of merger-driven red ellipticals that dominate both the low-mass and high-mass ends of the galaxy population, and span all dynamical ages; merger-driven bulges in disk galaxies are dynamically old and do not interfere with subsequent evolution of the star-forming component. Instability-driven bulges dominate the population at intermediate galaxy masses, especially thriving in massive disks. The model green valley is exclusively populated by instability-driven bulge hosts. Through the present implementation the mass accretion history is perceivable in the galaxy structure, morphology and colours.