Predominantly Low Metallicities Measured in a Stratified Sample of Lyman Limit Systems at z=3.7

TL;DR

This study measures metallicities of 33 high-redshift Lyman limit systems, finding predominantly low metallicities with a unimodal distribution, challenging the expectation of a bimodal distribution linked to galaxy evolution models.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed metallicity measurements for a stratified sample of z~3.7 LLSs, revealing a low, unimodal metallicity distribution that informs galaxy evolution theories.

Findings

Metallicities range from [M/H]=-3 to -1.68.

A unimodal, low-metallicity distribution fits the data better than bimodal models.

Ionization models favor enhanced alpha-to-aluminum ratios.

Abstract

We measured metallicities for 33 z=3.4-4.2 absorption line systems drawn from a sample of H I-selected-Lyman limit systems (LLSs) identified in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasar spectra and stratified based on metal line features. We obtained higher-resolution spectra with the Keck Echellette Spectrograph and Imager, selecting targets according to our stratification scheme in an effort to fully sample the LLS population metallicity distribution. We established a plausible range of H I column densities and measured column densities (or limits) for ions of carbon, silicon, and aluminum, finding ionization-corrected metallicities or upper limits. Interestingly, our ionization models were better constrained with enhanced $\alpha$-to-aluminum abundances, with a median abundance ratio of [$\alpha$/Al]=0.3. Measured metallicities were generally low, ranging from [M/H]=-3 to -1.68, with even lower metallicities likely for some systems with upper limits. Using survival statistics to incorporate limits, we constructed the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for LLS metallicities. Recent models of galaxy evolution propose that galaxies replenish their gas from the low-metallicity intergalactic medium (IGM) via high-density H I "flows" and eject enriched interstellar gas via outflows. Thus, there has been some expectation that LLSs at the peak of cosmic star formation ($z\approx3$) might have a bimodal metallicity distribution. We modeled our CDF as a mix of two Gaussian distributions, one reflecting the metallicity of the IGM and the other representative of the interstellar medium of star-forming galaxies. This bimodal distribution yielded a poor fit. A single Gaussian distribution better represented the sample with a low mean metallicity of [M/H] $\approx -2.5$.