The origin of the UV/optical lags in NGC 5548

TL;DR

This study investigates the origin of UV/optical lags in NGC 5548, finding they are likely due to the disc's vertical structural response to FUV illumination rather than simple light travel time from X-ray or FUV reprocessing.

Contribution

The paper introduces a spectral-timing reprocessing model that explains UV/optical lags through disc structural response, challenging the standard reprocessing paradigm.

Findings

UV/optical lags increase with wavelength, longer than standard disc predictions.

Fast variability in models is suppressed by an intervening structure.

Lag times are inconsistent with simple light travel from X-ray or FUV sources.

Abstract

The new multi-wavelength monitoring campaign on NGC 5548 shows clearly that the variability of the UV/optical lightcurves lags by progressively longer times at longer wavelengths, as expected from reprocessing of an optically thick disk, but that the timescales are longer than expected for a standard Shakura-Sunyaev accretion disc. We build a full spectral-timing reprocessing model to simulate the UV/optical lightcurves of NGC 5548. We show that disc reprocessing of the observed hard X-ray lightcurve produces optical lightcurves with too much fast variability as well as too short a lag time. Supressing the fast variability requires an intervening structure preventing the hard X-rays from illuminating the disc. We propose this is the disc itself, perhaps due to atomic processes in the UV lifting the photosphere, increasing the scale-height, making it less dense and less able to thermalise, so that it radiates low temperature Comptonised emission as required to produce the soft X-ray excess. The outer edge of the puffed-up Comptonised disc region emits FUV flux, and can illuminate the outer thin blackbody disc but while this gives reprocessed variable emission which is much closer to the observed UV and optical lightcurves, the light travel lags are still too short to match the data. We reverse engineer a solution to match the observations and find that the luminosity and temperature of the lagged emission is not consistent with material at the light travel lag distance responding to the irradiating flux (either FUV or X-ray) from the AGN. We conclude that the UV/optical lags of NGC 5548 are not the light travel time from X-ray reprocessing, nor the light travel time from FUV reprocessing, but instead could be the timescale for the outer blackbody disc vertical structure to respond to the changing FUV illumination.