Validation of the multi-mission altimeter wave height data for the Baltic Sea region

TL;DR

This study validates satellite-derived significant wave height data in the Baltic Sea by cross-referencing with in situ measurements, identifying reliable data subsets, and assessing biases and temporal consistency among different satellite sources.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive validation framework for altimeter wave height data in the Baltic Sea, establishing criteria for data reliability and comparing multiple satellite datasets.

Findings

Selected altimetry data show good agreement with in situ measurements.

Biases vary among satellites, with some exceeding 0.2 m.

Temporal drift observed in satellite data pairs.

Abstract

We present a complete cross-validation of significant wave heights (SWH) extracted from altimetry data from all ten existing satellites with available in situ (buoy and echosounder) wave measurements for the Baltic Sea basin. The main purpose is to select an adequate altimetry data subset for a subsequent evaluation of the wave climate. The satellite measurements with the backscatter coefficients > 13.5 cdb, errors in the SWH normalized standard deviation > 0.5 m and snapshots with centroids closer than 0.2 degrees to the land are not reliable. The ice flag usually denotes the ice concentration of > 50%. The presence of ice affects the SWH data starting from concentrations 10%, but substantial effects are only evident for concentrations > 30%. The altimetry data selected based on these criteria have very good correspondence with in situ data, except for GEOSAT Phase 1 data (1985-1989) that could not be validated. The root-mean-square difference of altimetry and in situ data is in the range of 0.23-0.37, which is significant for the Baltic Sea, compared with an average wave height of ~1 m. The bias for CRYOSAT-2, ERS-2, JASON-1/2 and SARAL data is below 0.06 m. The ENVISAT, ERS-1, GEOSAT and TOPEX satellites revealed larger biases up to 0.23 m. The SWH time series from several satellite pairs (ENVISAT/JASON-1, SARAL/JASON-2, ERS-1/TOPEX) exhibit substantial mutual temporal drift and part of them evidently are not homogeneous in time. A new high-resolution SWH data set from the SARAL satellite reveals a very good correspondence with the in situ data and with the data stream from previous satellites.