Overlapping Circles Grid Drawn with Compass and Straightedge on an Egyptian Artifact of 14th Century BC

TL;DR

This paper presents evidence that ancient Egyptians used compass and straightedge for geometric constructions, demonstrated through an overlapping circles grid pattern on a 14th century BC artifact, predating Greek formal geometry.

Contribution

It provides indirect archaeological evidence that ancient Egyptians employed geometric constructions with compass and straightedge centuries before Greek mathematicians formalized these principles.

Findings

Ancient Egyptians used compass and straightedge for geometric designs.

Overlapping circles grid pattern found on 14th century BC artifact.

Evidence predates Greek formal geometry by about nine centuries.

Abstract

The study of the mathematics and geometry of ancient civilizations is a task which seems to be very difficult or even impossible to fulfil, if few written documents, or none at all, had survived from the past. However, besides the direct information that we can have from written documents, we can gain some indirect evidence on mathematics and geometry also from the analysis of the decorations we find on artifacts. Here, for instance, we will show that ancient Egyptians were able of making geometric constructions using compass and straightedge, quite before the Greek Oenopides of Chois, who lived around 450 BC, had declared some of their basic principles. In fact, a wood panel covered by an overlapping circles grid pattern, found in the tomb of Kha, an architect who served three kings of 18th Dynasty (1400-1350 BC), evidences that some simple constructions with compass and straightedge were used in ancient Egypt about nine centuries before Oenopides' time.