Long-term optical variability of high-mass X-ray binaries. II. Spectroscopy

TL;DR

This study provides a comprehensive optical spectroscopic analysis of high-mass X-ray binaries, revealing variability patterns, disk properties, and interactions with neutron stars over long timescales.

Contribution

It offers the most extensive spectroscopic dataset of high-mass X-ray binaries, analyzing over 1100 spectra to characterize optical variability and disk interactions.

Findings

Narrow orbit Be/X-ray binaries are more variable.

Gas in disks follows a Keplerian distribution.

Halpha equivalent width decreases after X-ray outbursts.

Abstract

We present the results of our monitoring program to study the long-term variability of the Halpha line in high-mass X-ray binaries. We have carried out the most complete optical spectroscopic study of the global properties of high-mass X-ray binaries so far with the analysis of more than 1100 spectra of 20 sources. Our aim is to characterise the optical variability timescales and study the interaction between the neutron star and the accreting material. Our results can be summarised as follows: i) we find that Be/X-ray binaries with narrow orbits are more variable than systems with long orbital periods, ii) we show that a Keplerian distribution of the gas particles provides a good description of the disks in Be/X-ray binaries, as it does in classical Be stars, iii) a decrease in the Halpha equivalent width is generally observed after major X-ray outbursts, iv) we confirm that the Halpha equivalent width correlates with disk radius, v) while systems with supergiant companions display, multi-structured profiles, most of the Be/X-ray binaries show at some epoch double-peak asymmetric profiles, indicating that density inhomogeneities is a common property in the disk of Be/X-ray binaries, vi) the profile variability (V/R ratio) timescales are shorter and the Halpha equivalent width are smaller in Be/X-ray binaries than in isolated Be stars, and vii) we provide new evidence that the disk in Be/X-ray binaries is on average denser than in classical Be stars.