Formation of proto-cluster: a virialized structure from gravo-turbulent collapse I. Simulation of cluster formation in collapsing molecular cloud

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution MHD simulations to investigate the formation of gaseous proto-clusters within collapsing molecular clouds, revealing their properties, dynamics, and relation to observed stellar clusters.

Contribution

It provides a detailed simulation-based analysis of proto-cluster formation, linking gas dynamics, turbulence, and rotation to observed cluster characteristics.

Findings

Proto-clusters form from global gravitational collapse with significant rotation.

Gas and sink particle properties match observed mass-size relations.

Proto-clusters are in virial equilibrium with turbulent and rotational support.

Abstract

Stars are often observed to form in clusters. It is therefore important to understand how such a region of concentrated mass is assembled out of the diffuse medium and its properties eventually prescribe the important physical mechanisms and determine the characteristics of the stellar cluster. We study the formation of a gaseous proto-cluster inside a molecular cloud by performing high resolution MHD simulations and associate its internal properties to those of the parent cloud by varying the level of the initial turbulence of the cloud, with a view to better characterize the subsequent stellar cluster formation. The gaseous proto-cluster is formed out of global collapse of a molecular cloud, and has non-negligible rotation due to angular momentum conservation during the collapse of the object. Most of the star formation occurs in this region which occupies only a small volume fraction of the whole cloud. We identify such regions in simulations and compare the gas and sink particles to observations. The gaseous proto-cluster inferred from simulation results present a mass-size relation that is compatible with observations. We stress that the stellar cluster radius, although clearly correlated with the gas cluster radius, depends sensitively on its definition. Energy analysis is performed to confirm that the gaseous proto-cluster is a product of gravo-turbulent reprocessing and that the support of turbulent and rotational energy against self-gravity yields a state of global virial equilibrium although collapse is occurring at smaller scale and the cluster is forming stars actively. This object then serves as the antecedent of the stellar cluster, to which the energy properties are passed on.