Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and collective vibrational modes of liquid water in an inhomogeneous electric field

TL;DR

This study investigates how a strong inhomogeneous electric field affects liquid water, revealing local non-equilibrium states, vibrational mode enhancements, and electro-convective phenomena with implications for biochemical processes.

Contribution

It demonstrates that intense electric field gradients induce non-equilibrium vibrational states and localized thermal effects in water, expanding understanding of field-matter interactions.

Findings

Enhanced vibrational modes under electric field

Formation of electro-convective jets

Localized temperature differences of up to 1°C

Abstract

In this experiment liquid water is subject to an inhomogeneous electric field (${\nabla}^2 E_a {\approx} 10^{10} \frac{V}{m^2}$ ) using a high voltage (20 kV) point-plane electrode system. With interferometry it was found that the application of a strong electric field gradient to water generates local changes in the refractive index of the liquid, polarizes the surface and creates a downward moving electro-convective jet. A maximum temperature difference of 1 {\deg}C is measured in the immediate vicinity of the point electrode. Raman spectroscopy on water reveals an enhancement of the vibrational collective modes (3250 $cm^{-1}$) as well as an increase in the local mode (3490 $cm^{-1}$) energy. This bimodal enhancement indicates the spectral changes are not due to temperature. The intense field gradient thus establishes an excited subpopulation of vibrational oscillators far from thermal equilibrium. Delocalization of the collective vibrational mode spatially expands this excited population beyond the microscale. Hindered rotational freedom due to electric field pinning of molecular dipoles retards heat flow and generates a chemical potential gradient. These changes are responsible for the observed changes in refractive index and temperature. It is demonstrated that polar liquids can thus support local non-equilibrium thermodynamic transient states critical to biochemical and environmental processes.